(The First Sound Changes: 3500 BF to 1500 BF)

Proto-Dalurian

Proto-Dalurian is the hypothetical language spoken around the year 3500 BF by hunter/herder groups in the Lake Thilos area. It is the ancestor language of thirteen language groups and hundreds of languages, past or present. Naseien, Rugenvyash, Modern Kolbenic, Kampalastese, and Ancient Gelish are all descendents of Proto-Dalurian.

It is convention to use the asterisk to denote reconstructed words and sentences. For the purpose of conciseness and brevity, however, I will not follow this rule. This is due to my ability, as creator, to time-travel in Al-Shandur and hence tape- record all instances of Proto-Dalurian.

Phonology
Morphology - Nouns - Pronouns - Adjectives - Verbs
Syntax - Aspect - State - Mood - Participants - Environment - Descriptors - Structure
Lexicon
Sample

Features of Proto-Dalurian

PD is very rhythmic; it also shows an incipient two-tone system, since vowel+h tend to be pronounced with a lower pitch.

PD is isolating in nature, with vestigial inflectional features and a tendency to move towards agglutination.

PD is not dependent on derivational morphology, preferring to use abbreviated compounds.

Phonology

PD's phonology is as follows:

Consonants

p ph b t th d k kh g
m n
f s h
r l y w
(ph, th, kh are aspirated plosives.)

Vowels

a e i o u (e, o are mid-open)
ai ei oi au eu ou ea eo oa oe

Constraints

The maximum structure allowed is:
Nasal + Plosive/Fricative + Liquid (r,l,w,y) + Vowel + Nasal + Fricative
or
H + Nasal/Liquid + Vowel + Nasal + Fricative

For example:
"mprekh" or "hlans" are acceptable.
while
"spresm" or "hpyot" are unacceptable.

Stress

Stress is always on the first syllable of a word and trails off as the word progresses.

Morphology

PD is mostly isolating. On the other hand, it has a few vestigial inflectional features that are doubtlessly the remains of a much more elaborate system.

Nouns

Nouns have three remaining cases, the agentive, oblique, and dative. The oblique is the root form; the agentive is formed by adding -eo to the end of the stem (minus final vowel), while the dative is formed by adding -h before the last consonant:

telthima "boy" -> telthimeo; telthimah

Due to previous sound changes which can no longer be recovered, the dative ending is weak; most nouns, in fact, do not have this case. In other words, a vowel is lengthened in the dative. The agentive does not undergo as many irregularities:

kaphul "hunter" -> kaphuleo, kaphuhl
hlatan "water" -> hlataneo, hlatan
hlandu "hand" -> hlandeo, hlandeuh

PD also has a plural system that is on the verge of being lost. It is used only to describe animate objects and certain conventional expressions. The plural is often formed from an ending in "-m" or "-n"; there are also cases of raising the final vowel. The plural agentive is (uswally) formed by agglutinatively attaching "-eo"; the plural dative is identical to the oblique.

hlandu "hand" -> hlandum, hlandumeo, hlandum
dandamah "man" -> dandamouh, dandamouheo, dandamouh

All other grammatical distinctions are expressed by word order and other syntactical devices.

Pronouns

Mukheo, naineh, noneh "I"
Khepenthre, nainehman, nonaih "we"

Regeo, tanthra, tanthreih "you (sing.)"
Regeom, tanthran, tantimah "you (plur.)"

Hinthumeo, hleawan, hlothos "he/she" - 1
Korumeo, hruman, hruthan "he/she" - 2
Mantyareo, mantyer, mantyereh "he/she" - 3
Hleomoneo, hleomoen, hleamas "they"

The difference between the three versions of "he/she" is that they are used to refer to up to three different people, with "hinthumeo" being the agent of the previous sentence, "korumeo" being the experiencer, "mantyareo" being the recipient. Plural inflection in the 3rd person is optional. There is no "it" in the language; a mentioned object can simply be omitted. It is possible sometimes to use "they" to mean an inanimate object, singular or plural. The "he/she" forms are never used to refer to an inanimate object.

Adjectives

Adjectives do not inflect in PD; their original inflections have been lost. There are only very few vestiges of such inflections. One is the comparative/superlative forms which are kept in seven adjectives:

khantakah, khantahlus "good, better"
moronoh, morenan "bad, worse"
lankama, lankrimus "long, longer"
altaran, altrus "old, older"
tinthem, tintheman "close, closer"
ahtalak, mofehran "much, more"
tyemoas, tyemeus "little, less"

Only one adjective keeps the comparative and superlative forms separate as well:

hmuyan, hmudus, hmuhlan "young, younger, youngest"

All other adjectives form their comparative/superlative forms by attaching "-(e)hrus" to the end.

Verbs

Verbs retain two inflections, unmarked and unique. The first, as expected, is the root form. The unique form is expressed by turning the final vowel into a diphthong (if possible) and adding -th. This is not always regular.

kushum "be taken" -> kusheunth "was once taken"
ahthlak "sing" -> ahthlaith "once sang"
dahrup "die" -> dahryemth "once died"

The translations are somewhat misleading; the PD unique is not just used for past actions. The emphasis is on things that can no longer occur in the present. For example, using "ahthlaith" to express "he sang" can only mean that this singer is no longer capable of performing such an act; or that he is no longer inclined to; or that the performance will most probably not be repeated. As an extension, the form has been extended into the present timeframe or even the future to express unique, one-time events. For example, using "dahryemth" to mean "he will die" instead of "dahrup".

Verbs may also inflect for number. Like all inflections this is vestigial: -os for a plural in the experiencer. This does not exist in the "unique" forms.

kushum, kushumos "be take, (they) are taken"

Syntax

PD Grammar is realized through a series of markers, in addition to word order. Despite the hyphens used, these markers behave like individual words: they can be emphasized for effect; repeated for effect (some of them); and separated from the words they attach to with a pause.

Aspect

Let us start with a simple sentence:

Hlatan mukhritai.
Water flow.
"The water flows."

This is the most basic form of a sentence and denotes a habitual, current, or repeated occurrence. We can also use the "unique" form:

Hlatan mukhritaith.
Water flow-unique.
"The water flowed (and will not do so again)."

Again, the sentence denotes a habitual occurrence - one, however, which will never be repeated again.

The verb alone cannot express all the multitudes of meanings; here is where aspect markers come in. Many of them can be attached to either the "normal" or "unique" roots; for the purposes of simplicity we shall use the normal roots as examples.

The perfective, "-mah", expresses a single, state-changing occurrence that constitutes an "event" in the mind:

Hlatan mukhritai-mah.
Water flow-event.
"The water flowed (it was originally not flowing)."

The iterative, "-tahte", expresses a series of events that repeat themselves in short order:

Hlatan mukhritai-tahte.
Water flow-iter.
"The water flowed (again and again)."

The prospective, "eo-bahlak", expresses an incipient event that is about to occur:

Hlatan eo-mukhritai-bahlak.
Water flow-prospec.
"The water was about to flow."

The resumptive, "eo-mah", expresses an event that resumes from a pause; a present moment; or the apparent end. This tense conflicts semantically with the "unique" root and hence is not uswally used with it.

Hlatan eo-mukhritai-mah.
Water flow-resump.
"The water continued to flow."

The protractive, "eo-maitoalah", expresses an event that goes on and on, beyond normal expectations.

Hlatan eo-mukhritai-maitoalah.
Water flow-protrac.
"The water flowed on and on, for a long time."

The delimitative, "an-peuph", expresses an event that ceases quickly, and/or does not last as long as expected.

Hlatan an-mukhritai-peuph.
Water flow-delim.
"The water stopped flowing."

The semelfactive, "an-mah", expresses an event that occurs once, without repetition.

Hlatan an-mukhritai-mah.
Water flow-semel.
"The water flowed once (then stopped)."

The progressive, "sa-", expresses an ongoing, progressive event that is not psychologically an "event":

Hlatan sa-mukhritai.
Water flow-prog.
"The water was flowing (at that time)."

The evolutive, "sa-dahmai", expresses an event that sustains itself towards greater intensity.

Hlatan sa-mukhritai-dahmai.
Water flow-evol.
"The water flowed, trickling a little at first but soon gushing with vigour."

The devolutive, "sa-anyeah", expresses an event that begins vigorously but tones down.

Hlatan sa-mukhritai-anyeah.
Water flow-devol.
"The water gushed at first, but slowed to a trickle."

State

Nouns, verbs, aspected verbs, or adjectives can take state markers, which express the beginning, continuation, or end of a state. The markers are "-me" to signify the beginning of such a state; "-asta" to mean the existence of such a state", or "-pe" to signify the end of such a state.

Hlatan-me.
Water-statebegins.
"It becomes water!"

Hlatan khantakah-asta.
Water good-stateholds.
"The water is good."

Hlatan mukhritai-asta.
Water flow-stateholds.
"Water flows, as water does."

Hlatan an-mukhritai-mah-pe.
Water flow-semel-stateends.
"The water was made no longer to flow a bit at a time (by some event)."

"-asta" creates an expression of state; on the other hand, "-pe" and "-me" signifies the expression of state change. Hence "-pe" and "-me" are, essentially, verbilization markers. They can take their own aspect markers.

Hlatan-me-mah.
Water-statebegins-perf.
"It has begun to become water."

Hlatan-pe-mah.
Water-stateends-perf.
"It has stopped becoming water!"

While it is tempting to pile large numbers of aspect markers behind a given verb, it is advisable to use just one aspect marker and one state marker (or vice versa). "-asta" cannot take any aspect marker behind it, because a word ending in "-asta" is not functionally a verb.

Got all that? Here's a chart to help you.

Mood

Mood markers are attached to a sentence, not a word. They always come at the very last or the very beginning (depending on which one), regardless of what word they are actually next to.

The negative, "hatis", is used to negate a sentence. It comes at the end of the sentence, but can also come after any word that is being negated (including an aspect marker). In nine of the aspects, the negative is irregular.

Hlatan-asta hatis.
Water-stateholds neg.
"This is not water."

The verificative, "nei", is used to form a yes/no question. It uswally comes at the beginning but can also come after a word that is specifically the question being asked.

Nei hlatan-asta?
Query water-stateholds.
"Is this water?"

The subjective verificative, "pyams", is used to form a yes/no question whose answer is assumed to be positive. It uswally comes at the beginning but can also come after a word that is specifically the question being asked.

Pyams hlatan-asta?
Query water-stateholds.
"This is water, isn't it?"

The interrogative, "hoi", is used to ask for further information about a statement. It comes at the end.

Hlatan hoi?
Water interr.
"This is water, what happened to the water?" or "Where is this water?"

The benefactive, "yei", is used to mark a desirable state/event. It must come at the end.

Hlatan-asta yei.
Water-stateholds benef.
"This is water, thank the gods!"

The antibenefactive, "buhu", is used to mark an undesirable state/event. It must also come at the end.

Hlatan-asta buhu.
Water-stateholds antib.
"Alas this is water."

The hyperevidential, "mayeo", is used to mark an event that is extremely obvious. It comes at the end.

Hlatan-asta mayeo.
Water-stateholds hyperev.
"This is obviously water, as your thick skull fails to perceive."

The evidential, "reoh", is used to mark an event that is obvious. It comes at the end.

Hlatan-asta reoh.
Water-stateholds ev.
"This is obviously water."

The dubitative, "ihleu", is used to mark an event that is only possible. It can either occur at the beginning or end.

Ihleu hlatan-asta.
Dubit water-stateholds.
"Maybe this is water."

The conditional, "phreipha", is used the mark an event whose truth depends on something else:

Hlatan-asta phreipha.
Water-stateholds cond.
"Only then would this be water."

The imperative, "a", is used to mark a command.

Hlatan-asta a!
Water-stateholds imper.
"Let this be water!"

The jussive, "he", is used to mark a less direct command.

Hlatan-asta he.
Water-stateholds juss.
"Let this be water."

The optative, "ohek", is a less direct way to express a wish.

Hlatan-asta ohek.
Water-stateholds opt.
"I want this to be water."

The necessitative, "yureok", is a more objective way to express a wish.

Hlatan-asta yureok.
Water-stateholds necess.
"This should be water."

Order of mood markers should be the following:

Query + Dubitative + [sentence] + Evidentiality + (anti)Benefactive + Want/Need + Negative(movable)

Participants of an Action

Forget about all the aspect, state, and mood markers that we have gone over. We will start afresh.

Take the very original example sentence:

Hlatan mukhritai-mah.
Water flow-perf.
"The water flows."

In here there is only one noun: hlatan or water. The water is the single experiencer of the occurrence, mukhritai or flow.

You can add a noun, in the agentive case, to signify the reason why this action took place:

Kaphuleo hlatan mukhritai-mah.
Hunter-ag water flow-perf.
"The hunter made the water flow." or more normally "The hunter poured the water."

Note that it does NOT have to be the hunter doing the action; he just needs to be the source/motivation for it.

You can also add a second noun, also in the agentive, as an intermediary for the action:

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan mukhritai-mah.
Hunter-ag hand-plur-ag water flow-perf.
"The hunter made the water flow with his hands."

The water, however, is not the true "object" of the sentence as European grammar would suggest. The true recipient or patient of the action, who does not take part in the action but gets affected anyway, should be put into the dative:

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan telthimah mukhritai-mah.
Hunter-ag hand-plur-ag water boy-dat flow-perf.
"The hunter, with his hands, made the water flow over the boy."

The dative, as mentioned, is weak. It is in the process of being lost. Hence it is possible to not use the dative by putting the noun behind the verb.

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan mukhritai-mah telthima(h).
Hunter-ag hand-plur-ag water flow-perf boy(-dat).
"The hunter, with his hands, made the water flow over the boy."

Participants of a State

There are three state markers in PD, "-me", "-asta", and "-pe". Sentences that depend on static verbs are called "static sentences".

Let us take the simplest static sentence:

Hlatan-asta.
Water-stateholds.
"It is water."

Note that by adding "-asta", "hlatan-" is no longer a noun. In fact, adding "-asta" to any noun, verb, or adjective results in a "static verb". For example:

Khantakah-asta.
Good-stateholds.
"It is good."

Mukhritai-asta.
Flow-stateholds.
"It is flowing."

By adding "-asta", "-pe", or "-me", the boundaries between noun, verb and adjective are erased. What we have now is a new type of word, a "static verb", that expresses a state or change into/from a state.

A static verb acts very much like the verbs that you have seen; it can take its own experiencer:

Kaphul khantakah-asta.
Hunter good-stateholds.
"The hunter is good."

Hlatan mukhritai-asta.
Water flow-stateholds.
"Water, in general, flows."

A "there is" idiom is handled with the stative form of "there is":

Kaphul hleawan-asta.
Hunter he-stateholds.
"There is a hunter."

Once an experiencer is in place, an agent can be added:

Mukheo kaphul khantakah-asta.
I-agent hunter good-stateholds.
"I am the one who makes the hunter good."

You can also add a recipient, etc. For example:

Mukheo kaphul khantakah-asta pherpere.
I-agent hunter good-stateholds deer.
"I am the one who makes the hunter good, to the detriment of the deer."

The concept "to have" is formed similarly, but with "hleawan" (not "hruman" as would be expected).

Telthima hleawan-asta kaphul.
Boy he-stateholds hunter.
"This child belongs to the hunter."

Environment

So far, we have figured out the three major participants of a state or action: the agent (sometimes two), the experiencer, and the recipient. But actions do not occur in isolation. There must be an environment that provides the setting. PD distinguishes two types of environment: the agentive environment and the recipient environment.

The agentive environment is constructed using the agentive case and an appropriate postposition. It occurs right at the beginning of any statement, before the agentive itself is stated. The agentive environment expresses the preconditions for an event, or conditions that are already present when the action/state takes place:

Mithereo swa kaphuleo pherpere dahryemth-mah.
Plain-agent upon hunter-agent deer die-unique-perf.
"Upon the plains, the hunter killed the deer."

Time expressions, on the other hand, are uswally placed right at the beginning and not in the agentive.

Yaturi pherpere dahryemth-mah.
Summer deer die-unique-perf.
"In summer the deer died."

Similarly, expressions of frequency are also placed in front and uninflected (these are often also adjectives).

Bundira kaphuleo pherpere dahrup.
Often hunter-agent deer die.
"Often the hunter kills deer."

The recipient environment is put at the end of the sentence, does not use the dative case (as no noun behind the verb does that), plus an appropriate postposition. The recipient environment expresses the results for an event, the resultant environment that is produced:

Kaphuleo telthima kushum-mah mithera swa.
Hunter-agent boy take-perf plain-dat upon.
"The hunter took the boy onto the plains."

Finally, to make a statement about the simple location/time of something, use the agentive environment + "there is" construction:

Mithereo swa kaphul hleawan-asta.
Plain-agent upon hunter he-stateholds.
"On the plains, there is the hunter."

Simple Descriptors

To indicate that in addition to the main action, a noun has other attributes as well, descriptors are used.

To indicate that the noun has some other state, for example, an adjective, use "-as", "-pes", "-mes" instead of "-asta", "-pes", "-mes".

Moronoh-as kaphuleo rithiph-as pherpere dahrup buhu.
Bad-stateholds hunter-agent small-stateholds deer die antib.
"The bad hunter killed the small deer, alas."

This does not have to be an adjective:

Dahryemth-mes pherpere hmuyan-asta.
Die-unique-statebegins deer young-state.
"The dying deer is young."

Note that in this case, the deer is the experiencer of "dahryemth", or "to die". "Dahryemth-mes" can only be used to modify the experiencer, not the agent nor the recipient.

To modify a noun with another noun, use "-as" if the two are equivalent.

Telthima-as kaphuleo pherpere dahryemth-mah.
Boy-stateholds hunter deer die-unique perf.
"The hunter, who is still just a boy, killed the deer."

A numerical indicator is adhered directly behind the noun:

Kaphuleo pherpere hrun dahryemth-mah.
Hunter-agent deer two die-unique-perf.
"The hunter killed two deer."

An ordinal number, on the other hand, is just like an adjective:

Kaphuleo thodarya-as pherpere dahryemth-mah.
Hunter-agent second-stateholds deer die-unique-perf.
"The hunter killed the second deer."

Finally, if the stative "-mes", "-pes" or "-as" itself takes an agentive/recipient, it is possible to adhere the agentive/recipient right in front of the stative adjective:

Kaphuleo-dahryemth-mes pherpere hmuyan-asta.
Hunter-agent-die-unique-statebegins deer young-stateholds.
"The deer being killed by the hunter is young."

Mukheo-pherpereh-khatakah-as kaphul hmuyan-asta.
I-agent-deer-recipient-good-stateholds hunter young-stateholds.
"The hunter, whose skill at hunting (which derives from me) has caused much distress for the deer, is young."

This is how an adjectival prepositional phrase is translated, except that "hleawan-as", "hleawan-pes" and "hleawan-mes" are rendered into "hlas", "hlepes", and "hlemes" respectively.

Mithereo-swa-hlas kaphul hmuyan-asta.
Plain-upon-he-stateholds hunter young-stateholds.
"The hunter on the plain is good."

This is how you form "X of Y":

Kaphuhl-hlas telthima hmuyan-asta.
Hunter-recipient-he-stateholds boy young-stateholds.
"The hunter's son is young."

Complex Descriptors

Sometimes it is necessary to create more complex sentences that give more detailed descriptions of individual nouns. In this case, it is necessary to affix. This is only necessary if the noun being described is the agent or recipient of the secondary state; or if the secondary clause is not a state.

To do this, put the following construction behind the noun:

[Noun] + pronoun declined to fit the secondary clause + secondary clause

(Again, the pronoun used is "hleawan", regardless of the noun which it represents.)

With the agent:

Kaphul, hinthumeo pherpereh dahryemth-mah, khantakah-asta.
Hunter, he-agent deer-recipient die-unique-perf, good-stateholds.
"The hunter, who killed the deer, is good."

With the recipient:

Telthima, hlothos kaphuleo hlatan mukhritai-mah, hmuyan-asta.
Boy, he-recipient hunter-agent water flow-perf, young-stateholds.
"The boy, upon whom the hunter poured water, is young."

With the experiencer in a dynamic verb:

Hlatan, hleawan kaphuleo mukhritai-mah, ahtalak-asta.
Water, he-experiencer hunter-agent flow-perf, much-stateholds.
"The water, which the hunter made flow, is great in amount."

Sentence Structure

A sentence in PD must have a verb at least, static or dynamic:

Mukhritai.
Flow.
"It flows."

Hleawan-asta.
He-stateholds.
"It exists."

The next element that should exist is the experiencer:

Hlatan mukhritai.
Water flow.
"Water flows."

Hlatan hleawan-asta.
Water he-stateholds.
"There is water."

The maximum number of participants in a verb is four: two agents, one experiencer and one recipient:

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan mukhritai-mah telthima.
Hunter-agent hand-plur-agent water flow-perf boy.
"The hunter made the water flow with his hands, over the boy."

The two elements in front can be put into two other configurations:

Hlatan kaphuleo hlandumeo mukhritai-mah.
Water hunter-ag hand-plur-ag flow-perf.
"The water flowed because of the hunter making use of his hands."

Hlandumeo hlatan kaphuleo mukhritai-mah.
Hand-plur-ag water hunter-ag flow-perf.
"These hands made the water flow, as the hunter wished it so."

The recipient has the option of becoming the experiencer of another action, by putting it behind the main verb and adding another verb behind it:

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan mukhritai-mah telthima eo-phuruhn-bahlak.
Hunter-ag hand-plur-ag water flow-perf boy cry-prospec.
"The hunter, with his hands, made the water flow over the child, who was (as a result) about to cry."

Or you can make this recipient the agent of another verb.

Kaphuleo hlandumeo hlatan mukhritai-mah telthimeo kaphul eo-phuruhn-bahlak.
Hunter-ag hand-plur-ag water flow-perf boy-ag hunter cry-prospec.
"The hunter, with his hands, made the water flow over the boy, who then caused the hunter to be about to cry."

This is how you construct a sentence : X tells Y to do Z; or X believes that Y has done Z:

Telthima priwens kaphuleo pherpere dahryemth ohek.
Boy want hunter-agent deer die-unique volit.
"The boy wants the hunter to kill the deer."

The dubitative marker suggests that the hunter may or may not actually kill the deer, just like the English sentence (or the French use of the subjunctive.)

Note that this sentence should not be analyzed in the English way, namely:

[[The boy] wants [the hunter] [to kill the deer]].
(Subject + verb + object + infinitive)

Instead, the PD structure is like this:

[[Boy feels want] at hunter] + [hunter causes [deer may die]]
[[Experiencer verb] at recipient] + [agent causes [experiencer volitive verb]]

In other words, we are bringing two sentences together, two sentences that share a noun and, in addition, are causatively and chronologically linked.

On the other hand, this structure only works if the recipient noun in the first sentence is the agent or experiencer in the second. To express other relationships as well as to express more complex shades of meaning, PD uses parallel sentences. Their aspects are uswally enough to express any complex relationships.

Telthimeo pherpere dahryemth-mah, hleawan eo-phuruhn-bahlak.
Boy-agent deer die-unique-perf, he1 cry-prospec.
"Having killed the deer, the child is about to cry."
or
"Because he killed the deer, the child is about to cry."

Two mood markers come in very useful. The first is "reoh", the evidential marker. It is used ironically to mean a twist in meaning:

Telthimeo pherpere dahryemth-mah reoh, hleawan eo-phuruhn-bahlak reoh.
Boy-agent deer die-unique-perf evid, he1 cry-prospec evid.
"Though the child killed the deer, he began to cry anyway."

Note how it is used in pairs.

The second is "phreipha", the conditional. It is between the condition and result.

Telthimeo pherpere dahryemth-mah, phreipha, hleawan eo-phuruhn-bahlak.
Boy-agent deer die-unique-perf, cond, he1 cry-propec.
"If the child killed the deer, he would begin crying."

The two are combined to signify a strict condition (not an ironic condition!):

Telthimeo pherpere dahryemth-mah reoh, phreipha, hleawan eo-phuruhn-bahlak reoh.
Boy-agent deer die-unique-perf evid, cond, he1 cry-prospec evid.
"As long as the child kills the deer, he would begin to cry."

All other English conjunctions of this nature, like "as soon as", "after", "before" etc can be expressed with combinations of aspects.

Finally, this is how "and" and "or" are expressed between nouns:

Kaphul syeth hleawan-hlas telthima.
"The hunter and his son."

Kaphul be, hleawan-hlas telthima be.
"Either the hunter or his son."

Kaphul siba, hleawan-hlas telthima be.
"The hunter or his son, or both."

"Syeth" cannot be used on sentences; simply put the two sentences together. "Be...be" and "siba...be" should be changed to "ihleu...ihleu".

Kaphuleo hlatan mukhritai-mah, pherpere dahryemth-mah.
Hunter-agent water flow-perf, deer die-unique perf.
"The hunter poured the water and killed the deer."

Kaphuleo hlatan mukhritai-mah ihleu, pherpere dahryemth-mah ihleu.
Hunter-agent water flow-perf dubit, deer die-unique perf dubit.
"The hunter poured the water or he killed the deer."

Lexicon

That concludes our exploration of the structure of Proto-Dalurian! Now... onto the lexicon.

n = noun. p = pronoun. v = verb. a = adjective. t.ad. = temporal adverb. s.ad. = spatial adverb. num. = numeral
a.m. = aspect marker. st.m. = state marker. m.m. = mood marker. conj. = conjunction. pp. = postposition

The fourth column gives any irregularities in the cases for nouns (or the plural, if it exists), the unique form for verbs, and the comparative/superlative for adjectives.